Topic: Construction Shift
Rewrite the following sentences beginning each new sentence with the words given. Do not change
the original meaning of the sentence.
1. The old man likes to look at the children playing.
The old man enjoys ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. It was difficult to travel under those conditions.
Travelling …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. I don’t think it is necessary for you to stay tonight.
I don’t think you ……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Jack was able to leave the store early yesterday.
It was possible ………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. This box is too big to fit into any of the cupboards.
This box is so big …………………………………………………………………………………………
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Summary Writing
How to Summarize:
1. Read the text.
2. Don’t be intimidated by large words
3. Ask, “What was this text about?”
Your Answer…
1. Should cover main point and key ideas
2. Should be in your own words
Most of us are familiar with Florence Nightingale as the woman who founded modern nursing and
revolutionized medicine, both by reducing deaths through infection control and by legitimizing nursing
as a profession. However, not as many people are aware that Florence Nightingale was also a great lover
of cats. She reportedly cared for around 60 cats in her lifetime.
When she volunteered to nurse wounded soldiers in the Crimean War, Nightingale found that more of
them died from infections due to lack of sanitation than from their wounds. She not only introduced
sanitary measures such as washing hands and surgical instruments, thereby greatly reducing fatalities;
she also employed cats to rid the barracks hospital of rats.
Nightingale’s health was ruined by her efforts in the Crimea. Upon her return to England, although she
still pursued her mission to sanitize and reorganize military and other hospitals and professionalize
nursing through voluminous correspondence, she stayed at home and accepted few visitors. During this
part of her life, many cats were her constant companions. Her letters often were marked with paw
prints. She was known to comment that she preferred cats as dining companions over humans.
Nightingale was blind for the last 15 years of her life. Caregivers and visitors observed that in those
years, the only things she found joy in other than her many great-nieces and great-nephews were her
cats.
2. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of this passage?
A. Florence Nightingale revolutionized the medical and nursing professions.
B. Florence Nightingale’s volunteer work in Crimea ruined her own health.
C. Florence Nightingale lived the end of her life with blindness and solitude.
D. Florence Nightingale was a cat lover as well as the founder of modern nursing.
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