Management is the process that involves planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling
the organization’s resources (human and non- human) to achieve the vision, mission and goals of the
organization.
1. Planning is charting the future, it is deciding in advance what to do when to do it, and how it's going to be done. It can be as big as deciding the invention, vision, and objectives of a company. It is identifying what you want when you should achieve it, and how it will be.
2. Organizing is called the backbone of management, organizing is a grouping of activities together. Organizing is also creating the organizational structure or hierarchy of the business, it's a delegation of authority and the creation of responsibilities and tasks. Organizing also ensures that whatever necessary items the business or department needs are met such as the need for materials like machinery or computers, capital, and personnel.
3. Staffing is the hiring and promotion of employees as a function of management. It also involves training and development remuneration or compensation and performance appraisal.
4. Directing, on the other hand, makes the plans concrete, it involves supervision, motivation, leadership, and guidance of employees, all of these are done to ensure that organizational goals are met.
5. Controlling is measuring performance on a set of standards, and correcting any deviation. let's say your actual score or client satisfaction is lower than the target, the control would mean creating the necessary steps to correct and achieve the target.
Motivation as a Function of Management
Motivating
This is process by which workers are influenced to take the right action to get the task done. It inspires workers to give of their best.
Theories of Motivation:
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow divided needs into higher and lower order needs.
Lower Order Needs
Physiological (Bodily, Function) needs- relates to survival and physiological maintenance of the human being. Eg. Food, Water Shelter, Clothing.
Safety Needs – refer to desire for freedom from threatening events and surroundings. Eg Physical safety and security, continual employment, adequate flow of income, free from fear of illness, expenses or loss of property.
Belonging or Social need (Love and Affection Needs)-this includes the need for friendship, affiliation and interaction from others. Human beings are social creatures and need to feel a sense of belonging.
Higher Order Needs
Esteem needs - the need to feel self-worth and self-respect. They also want respect from others. Eg. a good reputation, prestige, status, fame, glory, recognition. Mangers use the difficulty of the job and the skills required to motivate workers. Motivation can be achieved through publicly rewarding workers and bonuses.
Self-Actualising Needs – the need to reach ones full potential. Involves including employees in the decision making process, challenging assignments. Problem solving can help with achieving self-actualisation.
Frederick Herzberg Two Factor Theory
Motivational factors-builds high level of satisfaction but the absence will not cause dissatisfaction. Examples are:
Achievement
Recognition
Advancement
Pleasure in the work itself
Responsibility
Hygiene factors – necessary to maintain a reasonable level of satisfaction. Examples are:
Adequate salary
Job security
Working conditions
Status
Clear company policies and administration
Good interpersonal relationships with supervisors and peers
Characteristics of a Good Leader
A leader is someone who has been given authority over a group of individuals. His job is to motivate the group to achieve the goals set out for it. Leadership is therefore about influencing or inspiring an organized group towards the accomplishment of goals. Below are the characteristics of a good leader.
Integrity
It is important for a leader to possess this quality as it makes them trustworthy. They are perceived as honest and therefore command the respect of their subordinates.
Good communication skills
Leaders should be able to communicate effectively with persons at all levels of the organization. Manager must pass down directives as well as listen to workers opinions complaints and ideas. This will foster good working relations among leader and followers.
Intelligent
This is a very important characteristic for leaders. It refers to being rational and having good judgment when making decisions. Leaders are decision makers and therefore need to be intelligent. This characteristic also refers to shrewdness and therefore describes someone who
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is smart, perceptive and wise.
Devoted and Committed
A leader must be a role model for others. He/she should therefore believe in the goals of the group and motivate others to achieve it. His/her continuous hard work will portray dedication and loyalty to duty.
TYPES OF LEADERSHIP
Autocratic
This type of leader makes all decisions and asks members only to be obedient in following orders. He will give detailed instructions and closely supervise subordinates.
Advantage
Time is not wasted consulting with others to reach a decision.
Disadvantage
Workers must comply with directives given by the leader and therefore the organization will not benefit from workers initiative and innovative ideas
Democratic
A democratic leader allows the participation of subordinates in decision making. The leader asks for progress reports at intervals instead of continuous close supervision.
Advantage
Discussion between management and workers leads an improved relationship.
Disadvantage
The variety of opinions to consider may slow down the decision making process.
Laissez-Faire
This type of leader will give minimum directives and allow maximum freedom for workers to make decisions about completing their tasks.
Advantage
The firm will benefit from the initiative and innovation of workers.
Disadvantage
It may lead to chaos in the organization. This type of style can only be used with persons that are very self- motivated and disciplined.
Charismatic Leader
Inspires and motivates through skills and personality.
Standard Form
Section A
Prefixes: ir, il, im, in, dis
Use each word from the bracket with a suitable prefix from above to complete each
1. I’m afraid buses here are very ____________________. I sometimes have to wait an hour.
2. This information is ___________________. The train leaves at 3:10 am not 3:20 am.
3. The use of certain dangerous drugs is _______________. It’s against the law.
4. His house isn’t near the shops, transportation or his work. It’s in a very _________________
place.
5. She didn’t say please or thank you. She was very ____________________.
6. It’s not a special occasion. Just wear ordinary, _______________ clothes.
7. She steals. She tells lies. She’s completely __________________.
Section B
The streams in the Northern Range which make up its course are beautiful and cool and crystalclear flowing from the hills to the valleys over rock and pebble but once they get out of the valleys, they become dustbins for Trinidadians who do not care anything about polluting or dirtying the clean waters. By the time the streams reach the Eastern Main Road, which runs across the breadth of the island from Port-of-Spain to the East Coast, they have collected every imaginable kind of refuse, from dead bodies, bipeds and quadrupeds, - to rusty, discarded cars and their parts….
By the time they join the main stream on the plains of Caroni, the river is a muddy, sickly brown, sluggish and filthy, and so lazy to move (except in the rainy season) that it is a wonder it gets to the sea at all. It meanders and turns and twists as if to avoid all movement and flow, backing into a bend here, and almost stagnant in a pool there. Sometimes it turns back and heads for the hills, and sometimes it is still and lifeless like a long lake. But in the rainy season, when it cannot accommodate the swollen streams, it overflows its banks and destroys crops and livestock, and make some passing roads impossible to cross.
from ‘The Plains of Caroni’ by Samuel Selvon
1. What does the writer say about the streams in their upper course?
2. In what way are the streams different in their lower course?
3. What is the reason for the change in the lower course?
4. What happens when the river overflows?
5. Select the words which describe the movement of the river?
6. What does the writer think about Trinidadians?
7. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?
a. Pollutantsb. Changing the river
c. The streams of Northern Range d. Pollution of the Streams
1. What is the nearest whole number to 13.607?
Round each of the numbers below to the nearest tenth (1 decimal place)
4. A task that is very simple to perform. ________________________
Read the poem then answer each question that follows in a complete sentence.
Responsibility
I half awaken
to the comforting blur of my mother
pulling on her housedress in the half dark
and already the sound of my father
as from muted dream distance
clucking the chickens to corn.
I too some distant morning
shall rise responsibly
to set my house in motion.
Meantime, I pull the covers close
and smile for the pure secret
thrill of it, and ease myself down
into that last, sweet, morning sleep.
Edward Baugh
Who is the speaker in the poem?
The persona makes reference in line 2 to the mother being a “comforting blur.” Suggest what this means.
In line 4, the persona makes reference to ‘half dark.’ Explain what half dark is in your own words.
What, in the persona’s view, are the things that represent responsibility?
Name three things that your parents/guardians do that you view as responsible.
MAKEDA
Tasty Fruit Ltd. is a manufacturer of several types of exotic tropical fruit juices. Without consultation, Mr. Albert, the general manager, took a decision that with immediate effect all breaks would be reduced from 15 minutes to five minutes. He claimed that the change became necessary to enable the factory to process a larger amount of fruit juices daily.
(a) What type of leadership style did Mr. Albert appear to be practising? (2 marks)
(b) (i) Name TWO other leadership styles. (2 marks)
(ii) Describe ONE of the leadership styles you named in (b)(i) above. (2 marks)
(c) Identify TWO situations that can result from the action taken by Mr. Albert. (4 marks)
(d) (i) State FIVE qualities of a good manager. (5 marks).
(ii) Give an example to show how lack of one of the qualities you mentioned at (d)(i) above can affect the operation of the factory. (2 marks)
(e) State THREE responsibilities of management to its employees. (3 marks)
To compare means to examine carefully in order to note similarities. In order for comparisons to be made, there must be more than one thing.
John looked at the two girls who were laughing with each other. He noticed that the structure of their faces were almost the same, they both had brown eyes, long hair and perfect white teeth. They even sounded like each other at times. He noted that if he didn’t know that they were best friends and were now meeting them for the first time that he probably would have guessed they were sisters.
In this example, John is comparing or noting similarities between two girls.
What does it mean to contrast?
To contrast means to examine carefully so as to note differences. In order for contrasts to be made, there must be more than one thing.
On closer examination these laughing girls were also quite unique. One of the girls’ had such a melodious voice entire rooms often get quiet when she sings. Her friend, on the other hand, not so much of a singer, but so very talented with Art. One was very outgoing and the other one very shy. One of them was a sports fanatic and gym enthusiast and the other was straight A computer-loving geek. They say opposites attract, these two friends are a living testimony to that fact.
Write a paragraph comparing & contrasting you and your sibling(s).
Write two paragraphs highlighting the similarities and differences of owning either a cat or a dog as a pet.
1. The number of bed-sheets manufactured by a factory during five consecutive weeks is given below.
Draw the bar graph representing the above data. (count in 100s)
2. The number of students in 7 different classes is given below. Represent this data on the bar graph.
Draw the bar graph representing the above data. (count in 50s)
3. The number of trees planted by Eco-club of a school in different years is given below.
Draw the bar graph representing the above data. (count in 50s)
4. The following table shows the favorite sports of 300 students of a school.
tangible
cadence
reverent
stringent
comprehensible
ubiquitous
amnesty
lucrative
transient
deterrent
Comprehension
Read the e-mail and answer the questions.
1. Who is the writer of the e-mail?
2. To whom is he writing the e-mail?
3. What is the writer told about in the previous e-mail between himself and friend?
4. What is the main purpose of the second paragraph?
5. Where is the writer from?
6. What is the main purpose of the third paragraph?
7. How many days does the student leave school?
Science Revision
1. What is a skeleton? What is it made from?
2. How many bones make up the human skeleton?
3. What connects our bones together so we can move?
4. What would happen if we had no skeleton?
5. What do the ribs protect?
6. How do our bones change from birth to adulthood?
7. What bone protects our brain?
8. What foods are good for developing strong, healthy bones? (Give 4)
9. How does age affect our bones?
Read the poem carefully and then answer the questions that follow in complete sentences.
It is so still, so still tonight,
there is no sound at all,
no tapping on a windowpane,
no footsteps in the hall,
No barking dog or screeching cat,
no mouse beneath my bed, no rustle of a windy leaf,
no raindrops overhead.
I lie beneath my covers
with my pillow to my ear, and my breathing and my heartbeat
are the only sound I hear.
Jack Prelutsky
1. (a) Which line in stanza suggests that everyone has gone to bed?
(b) Name three animals mentioned in the poem.
2. (a) What noise is usually made by the leaves?
(b) What could cause the noise made by the leaves?
3. Where in the house is the poet?
4. (a) Is it a clear or dark night?
(b) Give a reason for your answer.
5. (a) What are the sounds the poet hears?
(b) What is the mood of the poem?
Part 1
Part 2
Part 3
Part 4
Use > or < between the following pairs of numbers below in order to make the statements true.
Summary Writing
We are paying attention to identifying 5 points.
These 5 points will form the basis of your summary.
You must identify them prior to writing!
Start by looking for the main idea. Then, look for supporting details.
Summarize the article in 120- 150 words.
Without warning, a family member or their friend collapses, twitches and gasps a few times, then lies deathly still. What do you do?
After calling for help - exactly the right first move - most people do nothing during the agonizing wait for an ambulance to arrive. Starting cardiopulmonary resuscitation, even if you've never taken a CPR class, can make the difference between life and death.
Here's all you need to know. Put your hands on the middle of the person's chest, push hard, and relax. Repeat the push-relax cycle twice a second. Don't stop.
"A bystander who witnesses someone collapse and who is ready, willing and able to act doubles or triples that person's chances of surviving," says Mary Fran Hazinski, lead author of streamlined CPR guidelines from the American Heart Association.
The guidelines represent a back-to-basics approach aimed at making CPR less intimidating and more effective. Previous guidelines were so detailed that performing CPR not only seemed like a daunting task but was tough to do properly. A rescuer was supposed to check the airway, give two breaths for every 15 chest pushes and look for a pulse or heartbeat every so often, all while pressing on the chest 100 times a minutes. The updated guidelines underscore the importance of maintaining a steady flow of blood through the heart, brain and other vital organs by emphasizing chest compressions over everything else. They call for two breaths every 30 compressions and, in some cases, no breaths at all.
Keep in mind that the guidelines are meant to cover virtually all emergency situations, from drowning and drug overdose to cardiac arrest, for children and adults. One goal was to set up of recommendations for CPR so that professional and lay rescuers wouldn't need to learn different strategies for different situations.
In reality, though, what is needed for someone whose heart suddenly stops beating (a cardiac arrest) is different from what's needed for someone whose heart isn't beating due to drowning.
Every day, thousands of people have a sudden cardiac arrest. Their hearts start beating so wildly that they can no longer pump blood. Most such events happen at home. Only about 5% of people now survive a cardiac arrest. Wider use of CPR and faster access to heart-shocking defibrillators could increase survival rates to 50% or more.
Fun Fact:
In 1881 Britain banned drumming in the Caribbean – so steelpan music was born.
Calypso is rooted in traditions developed by West African slaves brought to the Caribbean. The lyrics often mocked slave masters through double entendre.
Enslaved Africans were not allowed to communicate with each other, therefore early Calypso existed as a form of communication, and to mock their slave masters
notable calypso musicians include:
Lord Kitchener
Harry Belafonte
Mighty Gabby
Plant Reproduction
Seeds are made when pollen (from the male part of a flower) fertilize the female part of flowers (Ovule).
Selfers and Outcrossers: How Are These Two Types of Plants Different?
Self-fertilizing plants, known as selfers fertilize their own ovules with its own pollen, so it can make seeds on its own.
If a flower has both female and male parts, it is called hermaphroditic. A plant that has both male and female reproductive organs that (often) are in the same flower.
What is Pollination?
Pollination is how animals (and sometimes wind) help plants to reproduce, or in other words, make new plants. Bees are important pollinators, among others. To make more plants, pollen needs to be transferred from one flower to another.
Key Point: Asexual reproduction in plants produces clones that are genetically identical to the parent plant
What is a cutting?
A cutting is a section of a plant that, when put into suitable soil or compost, will produce roots and grow into a new plant.
Making plants from cuttings is a form of asexual propagation, also called vegetative propagation—one that doesn’t rely on pollination and seeds. It produces clones—new plants that are genetically identical to the parent plant from which the cuttings were taken.
Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow. Remember to always answer questions in a complete sentence. Poverty Five times a day, the crowd of students flocked around the window through which the caretaker sold her cakes, then broke up in the yard to play and walk about, while heartily biting into long pieces of a type of gingerbread with jam. And five times a day I was forced to endure this spectacle without participating in it. I never had a cent to my name. I was forced to stand in the background, and the sight of those cakes the pupils bought in a joyous uproar and devoured greedily and freely about me, overwhelmed me with passionate desire. Thus I began filling myself with water from the tap, in a corner of the yard and, every now and then, I returned to it, trying to drown my stomach to keep it qui
Persuasive Writing Persuasion is the act or process of presenting arguments to move, motivate, or change your audience's mind. Common Persuasive Techniques 1.Emotional Appeals: One persuasive technique is appealing to the audience’s emotions: Fears, desire to seem intelligent, need to protect their family, desire to fit in, etc. 2. Rhetorical Questions: Rhetorical questions are questions that do not require an answer Example: Do we want our children growing up in a world where they are threatened with violence on every street corner? 3. Repetition: By repeating letters, words and phrases the author can reinforce an argument and ensure that the point of view being made stays in an audience's mind. 4. Evidence: Statistics, expert opinions, research findings and anecdotal evidence. 5. Inclusive and Exclusive Language: 'People like you and me don't want to see this happen' Activity 1 Read the persuasive piece and answer the
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